Summary: Islamic seminaries (madrasas) in Pakistan are educational institutions equivalent to high schools and universities. They admit 14-16 year olds and impart a 7-9 year Islamic education with the intention of creating religious functionaries: mosque leaders (imams), congregational prayer leaders and sermon-givers (khateebs), juris-consults (muftis), etc. Since 9/11, multilateral agencies and the government have pushed for the inclusion of modern education in seminaries, particularly the sciences. The goal of these proposed reforms is to better integrate graduates into mainstream society and the global community, by enabling graduates to have broader career options (beyond serving as religious functionaries in society) and provide them with greater exposure to contemporary advances in the sciences. This research project will compare a Pakistani seminary that adopted curricular reforms (integrating traditional seminary education with modern subjects including the sciences) with a seminary that continues to teach an unreformed curriculum (exclusively focused on traditional. Islamic texts and